Their conclusions were released ahead of the UN's COP28 climate negotiations later this month in Dubai, where developing countries not responsible for most carbon emissions are expected to push for governments and firms to pay more for their role in global warming.
If the top 25 oil and gas companies had been held accountable for their role in global warming in recent decades, they would still have made $10 trillion dollars in profit, according to the report published by think tank Climate Analytics.
The estimated damage caused by carbon emissions from the 25 companies cost $20 trillion from 1985 to 2018 -- but during that time they earned $30 trillion, the report said.
The research looked at private oil and gas giants as well as state-owned companies. State-owned firms contribute to huge sovereign wealth funds in countries such as the United Arab Emirates, the host of this year's COP28 talks.
"This fossil wealth is here to stay while the world suffers from the devastating consequences of climate change for centuries to come," the report's lead author Carl-Friedrich Schleussner told journalists.
The contrast was particularly striking last year, the authors of the report said.
As energy prices sky rocketed due to Russia's war in Ukraine, major oil and gas companies posted record profits.
The $161 billion profit of Saudi Arabia's state-owned Aramco in 2022 was "probably the highest net income ever reported in the corporate world," its CEO Amin Nasser has said.
Aramco was one of seven companies that posted profits almost twice the amount of the estimated damage caused by their emissions, according to the report.
- 'Flaunting their profits' -
The researchers calculated damages for the world's biggest emitters by using estimates for the social cost of carbon from 1985-2018, which amounted to $185 per tonne of carbon dioxide.
They compared this number with company profits from the same period.
The researchers then split the damages in three to account for the responsibility of governments and consumers.
State-owned oil companies in Saudi Arabia, Russia, Iran, China and the UAE showed both the most damaged caused -- and the largest financial gain.
ExxonMobil topped the list for private companies, followed by Shell, BP and Chevron.
Half of the sovereign wealth fund of COP28 host the UAE could cover the climate damage from its fossil fuel industries and still have $700 billion left over, the report said.
At last year's COP27 talks in Egypt, nations agreed to set up a dedicated fund to help vulnerable countries cope with "loss and damage" from climate disasters such as extreme weather.
The details have yet to be worked out, however, and the fund will be a key point of negotiation at this year's COP28 talks.
Barbados Prime Minister Mia Mottley, whose Caribbean island nation is threatened by rising sea levels, has called for a 10 percent tax on the profits of oil and gas companies to go into such a fund.
The UN estimates that developing countries will need over $300 billion per year by 2030 to combat the impacts of climate change.
The COP28 talks will be held during what is widely expected to be the hottest year on record.
"Oil and gas companies are meanwhile unabashedly flaunting their profits, some even walking back on their climate commitments," said report co-author Marina Andrijevic.
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