Monday's brief mutiny by Venezuelan soldiers was not the first time President Nicolas Maduro has faced a military challenge to his leadership.

Since coming to power in 2013 following the death of socialist revolutionary icon Hugo Chaves, the former bus driver Maduro has faced a number of small but armed rebellions.

- Insurrection -

In the early hours of Monday, a group of 27 soldiers took control of a command post in northern Caracas and published a video on social media disavowing Maduro and calling on the people to take to the streets in support of their move.

Allegedly led by Sergeant Major Luis Alexander Bandres Figueroa, the uprising was quickly put down as the command post was surrounded by soldiers and police.

"They were neutralized, surrendered and captured in record time," said Maduro's right-hand man, Diosdado Cabello on Twitter.

The mutiny came just two days before a mass protest called by the opposition-controlled National Assembly in support of its president Juan Guaido, who says he has the power to form a transitional government and call new elections.

- 'Attack' -

In August, Maduro claimed to have been targeted by a terrorist attack after two explosives-laden drones went off during a military parade in Caracas, injuring seven soldiers.

Maduro put the blame on exiled opposition deputy Julio Borges, sheltering in neighboring Colombia, and that country's then-president Juan Manuel Santos.

Around 30 people were arrested, among them two generals and opposition deputy Juan Guaido, who was later released and in January became parliament's president.

Maduro had been giving a speech at the time when the two drones exploded, causing him, his entourage and the entirety of the military contingents on parade to flee the scene, much to the later amusement of social media commentators.

- Assault -

In August 2017, a score of men, including three military personnel, attacked Fort Paramacay in the northern city of Valencia.

A three-hour firefight broke out, after which two of the attackers were dead and eight had been arrested, while the others made off with weapons.

The group was led by former army captain Juan Carlos Caguaripano, who was detained five days later.

During the assault, Caguaripano released a video claiming the group was rebelling against Maduro's "illegitimate tyranny."

He had previously been expelled from the armed forces in 2014 for rebellion and betrayal.

He insisted, though, that his motive was to "re-establish constitutional order" and that it was not a coup d'etat.

- Rebel pilot -

In June 2017, during anti-Maduro protests that left 125 people dead, ex-policeman Oscar Perez fired a grenade from a stolen helicopter at the regime loyalist-dominated Supreme Court, which had earlier in the year stripped the opposition-controlled National Assembly of all its powers.

He also fired on the Interior Ministry in central Caracas, although neither attack left anyone injured.

Perez, who was accompanied

by armed men, published a video demanding that Maduro resign and claimed his aim was also to "restore constitutional order."

The ex-pilot spent several months on the run before leading a commando unit that robbed a National Guard post in the northern state of Miranda of 26 Kalashnikovs and other weapons.

Perez published videos of the assault, in which his band tied up several members of the National Guard.

The renegade was killed the next month, though, alongside six of his collaborators, during a military operation to capture him on the outskirts of Caracas.

Another eight members of his group were arrested following the firefight, which lasted several hours and was streamed live on social media by a bloodied Perez, who claimed he wanted to surrender but was pinned down by snipers.

The opposition accused the government of carrying out an "extrajudicial execution."

Venezuelan military group arrested after call to disavow Maduro
Caracas (AFP) Jan 22, 2019 - A group of 27 soldiers rose up against Venezuela's President Nicolas Maduro at a command post in Caracas on Monday, but they were quickly arrested after posting an appeal for public support in a video.

"We are the professional troop of the National Guard against the regime, which we completely repudiate. I need your help, take to the streets," a man who identified himself as the group's leader said in a video circulated on social media.

Defense Minister Vladimir Padrino issued a statement saying the soldiers had been arrested.

Before the attack on a National Guard command center in northern Caracas where they were captured, the men had assaulted another security post, taking four prisoners and making off with "weapons of war," the statement said.

"During the arrest, stolen weapons were recovered and (the mutineers) are providing useful information to intelligence services and the military justice system," added Padrino, who said the rebels would "face the full force of the law."

The small, short-lived rebellion triggered outbreaks of protest in support of it.

In the districts of Cotiza, Los Mecedores and elsewhere in northern Caracas, people threw rocks and bottles at riot police, who responded with tear gas and rubber bullets. Several demonstrators were reported injured.

As night fell, in several areas of Caracas people banged pots and pans -- a traditional method of grassroots protest in Latin America. A major avenue in downtown Caracas was blocked and protesters shouted "this government is going to fall." Riot police dispersed the crowds with tear gas.

Maduro's right-hand man and head of the Constituent Assembly, Diosdado Cabello, said 25 soldiers were arrested at the site, and two more were detained elsewhere.

Cabello identified the rebel leader as Sergeant Major Luis Bandres Figueroa.

The Supreme Court, which is dominated by regime loyalists, later took aim at the opposition-controlled National Assembly, declaring its leadership illegitimate and its decisions invalid.

Last week, the assembly had declared Maduro an "usurper," and offered members of the military and the government amnesty if they broke with Maduro.

It also called for a day of protests against the president on Wednesday.

- 'Neutralized, surrendered, captured' -

The mutiny unfolded in the early hours of the day and culminated at the National Guard's Cotiza command, which was later surrounded by police and troops.

"They were neutralized, surrendered and captured in record time," Cabello tweeted.

"They are already confessing details and the first thing they said is that they were offered villas and castles but were left alone, they were tricked. We will win," he added, without specifying who allegedly made the offer.

The armed forces fired tear gas to disperse protesters who gathered outside the command post, banging pots and blocking roads with burning garbage in support of the uprising.

"If they unite with our country, we're with them, we're going to stay in the streets. Freedom!" shouted one woman, who declined to be identified.

"We want Maduro to go, we're fed up," added a man.

National Assembly president Juan Guaido, who has engaged Maduro in a power struggle since being elected to lead the legislature earlier this month, spoke out in support of the mutinous soldiers.

"What is happening in the National Guard in Cotiza is a demonstration of the general feeling that reigns within" the armed forces, Guaido said on Twitter.

"Our military knows that the chain of command has been broken by the usurpation of the presidential office.

"The National Assembly is committed to offering all the necessary guarantees to members of the armed forces that actively contribute to the restoration of the constitution."

But the Supreme Court responded by declaring Guaido, who has quickly become the central figure in the Maduro opposition, a usurper himself.

Parliament "does not have a legitimate board of directors" the court's president Juan Jose Mendoza said in a statement he read to the press, adding that the National Assembly was "usurping its authority, and therefore all its decisions are void."

The top court also said it was annulling the legislature's decision to officially declare Maduro a usurper and promising an amnesty law to protect military personnel that turn against the president.

- Maduro retains military backing -

Maduro, who has presided over the virtual collapse of the economy and a mass exodus of Venezuelans fleeing unemployment and shortages of food and medicine, has so far retained the support of the military high command despite growing domestic discontent.

He won controversial snap elections in May that were boycotted by the opposition and branded fraudulent by the United States, the European Union and a dozen Latin American countries.

The National Assembly has long been held in check by the Supreme Court, which stripped it of its powers after the opposition gained control of the legislature in 2016 elections.

Guaido, though, has shown a determination to challenge Maduro's authority.

He previously urged the general population and armed forces to support a transitional government that would oust Maduro and organize elections.

He has also called for a mass protest on Wednesday to support his demands, while the regime has announced its own counter-demonstration in support of Maduro.

It will be the first such mass street action since 2017 when more than four months of street protests claimed the lives of 125 people.

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